Free PDF The Tail Wags the Dog: International Politics and the Middle East, by Efraim Karsh
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The Tail Wags the Dog: International Politics and the Middle East, by Efraim Karsh
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- Sales Rank: #7032897 in Books
- Published on: 2015
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.57" h x 1.06" w x 6.38" l, 1.27 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
Most helpful customer reviews
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
A never ending war
By Ronald
An excellent review of politics in a violent Middle East
10 of 10 people found the following review helpful.
We're Not The World Leaders We'd Like to Think We Are -
By Loyd Eskildson
The U.S. acts like Mid-East leaders are quick to follow our 'suggestions'/bribes - Karsh quickly disabuses readers of that notion. We're not the only 'player' in the area - Russia and China also have interests, and those interests often clash with ours. Both the Soviets and Americans have been sorely embarrassed - the Soviets were pushed out of Afghanistan after a decade of fighting - and we're likely to mimic that after 14 years of our own efforts. Our effort to create a modern stable democracy in Iraq has also not only failed despite the loss of thousands of lives and over a trillion dollars, but also released a major constraint on Iran's ambitions and brought the birth of ISIS - far worse than Saddam. The U.S. was unable to block the building of Israeli settlements in Palestinian areas, both the U.S. and Russia were unable to stop the Iraqi invasions of Iran (1980) and Kuwait (1990), the U.S. failed to stop as-Qaeda's terror groups prior to 9/11 or ISIS since then, or Iran's quest for an atomic weapon. Previously the U.S. had installed the Shah's totalitarian regime in Iran, replacing an elected government.
Karsh contends that most states in the Middle-East were established mainly as a result of local leader desires. Iraq was created in its present form, rather than divided into three states in accordance with local patriotism and religious affinities, at the instigation of Emir Faisal of Mecca, and Jordan was established to satisfy the ambitions of Faisal's brother Abdullah. The nascent Zionist movement obtained British support, and led to the League of Nations Mandate for Palestine. Karsh also contends the fact that these borders remain today reflects their congruity with local realities - else Arab leaders would have taken advantages of opportunities to revise them. Thus, his thesis that Middle Eastern states have often manipulated the superpowers and managed their own futures, and not been hapless victims for over one hundred years.
11 of 12 people found the following review helpful.
And Reality Bites Back
By L. King
In this well argued compilation of essays on the modern Middle East, Karsh upends the conventional orientalist themes of Western colonialism and imperialism. Western nations, propelled by their own expectations, have been well played by their purported clients.
Karsh begins, naturally enough, with the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. Portrayed as the "sick man of Europe", Karsh shows that rather than being Europe's victim, the other Great Powers were more concerned with keeping their southern neighbour alive as part of their own interests in maintaining a balance of power. The common force that destroyed all of them in quick succession was nationalism, and through Paris 1919 and the Wilson doctrine embraced and accelerated the process, the ideal of empires as a regional solution continued to resurface, either as pan-Arabism, pan-Turanism or pan-Islamism.
As a particular example, Karsh contends that the British were scammed by the Emir Hussein and his son Faisal, Hashemite sheikhs propped up by the efforts of T. E. Lawrence, Hubert Young and others, whom they hoped would be the figureheads of a new Arabized Ottoman Empire. He dismisses the Hussein-McMahon correspondence, often seized upon as if it were a treaty, as an incomplete and somewhat vague in process negotiation. Keeping his options open, Faisal also negotiated with Enver Pasha, the Ottoman Minister of War, for similar powers and didn't join the Allies until the winter of 1917, "the vast majority of the 8-10 million Arabic speaking Ottoman subjects remained loyal to their suzerain to the bitter end and between 100,000 and 300,000 even fought in the Ottoman army" (pp14) In retrospect the idea that Hussein or his sons deserved vast territories as a result of their meagre service of a few thousand men to the war effort seems foolish. Faisal proved unable to hold on to his position in Syria and was moved to a newly constituted Iraq cobbled together from the Ottoman provinces of Mosul, Basra and Baghdad. Hussein's other son Abdullah proved to be more capable.
Particularly interesting was Karsh's assessment of Russia which is very different from the usual American view of an aggressive hegemon. The Russians saw the Middle East as the bordering nations of Iran, Turkey and Afghanistan (glossing over the 'stans as constructs of the Russian/Soviet empire) that the they saw as buffer states with the west, particularly India and Pakistan which were first in the British then American spheres. Reluctantly and with grave misgivings they were dragged into propping up the Afghan communist regime and viewed with alarm what they saw as an American attempt to create a "new Great Ottoman Empire" that would include the Islamic Soviet 'stans. (pp100). Other than the desire for warm water ports, they were slow to develop any Arab policy at all and counter to American fears,, their prevailing POV was that the peoples of the ME were not yet near the historical stage of development where Marxist-Leninist theory would warrant such a transition.
Karsh, also skewers the Arabists of the British Foreign Office and the US State Department as WASPish upper class elitists prone to group think and consistently at odds with public opinion and the policy of their elected officials, and nowhere is this clearer than WRT to Zionism and Israel. Some, such as Wilson's Secretary of State Robert Lansing who in Dec 1917 said he opposed "turning the Holy Land over to the absolute control of the race credited with the death of Christ" (pp53), were at least partly motivated by anti-Semitism. Karsh describes the political intrigues of 1947-49 in some detail Some ascribed Truman's support for a Jewish State was based on pandering to the Jewish vote.. The main arguments of the State Department were that the Jewish State would be a Soviet bridgehead and that nothing should be done to push the Arab countries into an alliance with the Soviet Union as the West needed Arab oil in order to fuel the post war European recovery. None of these turned out to be true. Truman lost New York, Illinois and Pennsylvania, the 3 states with the largest Jewish population. The Soviets voted for Partition as a strategic vote against the British Empire, and had no plans for the Arab ME. Further, the Arabs needed to sell and develop their oil fields and needed western markets and expertise too badly for this to be a credible threat. Cosying up to Arab leadership leadership may have seemed important, but as Karsh notes that within 3 years most of the Arab principals had left the stage - president of Syria was overthrown in a coup, King Farouk followed in 1952, Jordan's King Abdullah was assassinated as were the prime ministers of Egypt and Lebanon.
In addition to the above Karsh takes a good look at the relationship between America and the Shah, President Carter's mistaken notions that nearly derailed the Sadat-Begin peace talks and in the last two chapters the failure of the Arab Spring. While not a home run, Karsh delivers a solid triple, a valuable contribution the study of political cause and effect in the Middle East.
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